APA 6th is the referencing style adopted by The Business School. As it is a Global standard, if you use a referencing management tool, like Endnote or Mendeley, the outputs i.e. your references, should be the same. Similarly, if you use Google to find APA 6th referencing help, again, the outputs should be consistent. APA 6th is what is know as an author/date system and as such your Reference List would be in alphabetical order, by author.
Law students should use OSCOLA referencing style. Please see Legal referencing & citations box on this page for more information.
Surname(s), initial(s). (year of publication). Title of Book in Italics (Edition, if later than 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
| Author | Citation | Reference |
| One Author |
Boddy (2014) argues… Or The conclusion reached (Boddy, 2014) was… |
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow : Pearson Education. |
|
One author, fewer than 40 words quoted. Include the quotation in the paragraph and include the page number(s). Use double quotation marks to show the quotation. |
The growth in the use of the internet has led to a digital culture. “This digital culture erodes boundaries between producers and consumers” (Boddy, 2014, p.366). Or With internet usage growing rapidly, Boddy (2014) contends that “This digital culture erodes boundaries between producers and consumers”(p.366). |
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow : Pearson Education. |
|
One Author, 40 or more words quoted. Begin quotation on a new line, indented by 5 spaces. Include page number(s). Don’t use quotation marks. Double space between your text and the indented quote. |
When doing business internationally there is a lot to consider. Boddy (2014), for example, points out that The economic context of a country includes its stage of development as well as levels of inflation, exchange rates or levels of debt. The measure of economic development usually used is income per head of population – a measure of a country’s total production, adjusted for size of population. (p.113) Therefore a full analysis of that country…. |
Boddy, D. (2014). Management : An introduction (6th ed.). Harlow : Pearson Education. |
| Author | Citation | Reference |
|
Two Authors |
As per single author style but name both authors. Robbins and Coulter (2015) Or (Robbins & Coulter, 2015) |
Robbins, S., & Coulter, M.K., (2009) Management (10th ed.).London: Pearson Education. |
| Author | Citation | Reference |
| Three to Five Authors |
As per single author, but name all authors in initial citation. (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt, 2013) Subsequent citations (Ireland et al., 2013) |
Ireland, R, Hoskisson, R., & Hitt, M., (2013) The Management of Strategy: Concepts and Cases (10th ed.). London: Cengage Learning. |
| Author | Citation | Reference |
| Six to Seven Authors | First author’s name, followed by et al. e.g. (Smith et al., 2015, p.5) | Reference as a book and name ALL the authors. |
| Citation | Reference |
|
Walker and Robertson (2016) OR (Walker & Robertson, 2016) |
Walker, K. & Robertson, S. (2016). Contextualising information literacy to assessment criteria: a collaborative approach. In C. Penman & M. Foster (Eds.), Innovations in teaching and learning (pp.107-122). Edinburgh: Merchiston Publishing Note: the above refers to a 1st edition, if 2nd ed or later put that before the pp. in brackets after title of the book e.g. (2nd ed., pp. 107-122) |
Surname(s), initial(s). (year of publication). Title of Article. Title of Journal in Italics, volume (part), page range (e.g. 3-8.)
| Author | Citation | Reference |
| With one author |
Corbett (2011) argues that.. OR The conclusion reached (Corbett, 2011) was... |
Corbett, L.M. (2011). Lean Six Sigma: The contribution to business excellence. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 2(2), 118-131 |
PLEASE NOTE: Rules for all other numbers of authors and for direct quoting of text are the same styles as per the book examples.
[Reference for a print journal]. doi: OR Retrieved from http://www.
| Author | Citation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| With a DOI | Gray (1988) advocates… | Gray, S. J. (1988) Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, 24(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6281.1988.tb00200.x |
| Without a DOI | Bai (2009) states… | Bai, H. (2009) Facilitating students’ critical thinking in online discussion: An instructor’s experience. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8(2), 156-164. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/jiol/ |
Here is a link to the quick OSCOLA referencing guide.
Here is the full, in depth OSCOLA referencing guide
Newcastle University does an amazing page on using OSCOLA with ENDNOTE reference manager. Definitely worth a look!
Some tips and help with referencing
Basics of APA Style online tutorial
Are you getting confused as to how to use references in your academic writing?
Try the referencing section of Getting Ready For University Study. You can also talk to a Student Learning Adviser from the Student & Academic Services team about your writing and referencing.
Secondary referencing is where you need to refer to the work of an author which you have not read in the original, but have learnt about from another author.
Whenever possible you should use the original work, however if this is not possible, you must make clear that you have not read the original by referring to the work in which you found the reference.
How to do this?
There are separate rules for figures and tables.
Table 1.
Mobile Phones in UK: Brand Shares by Retail Volume 2011-2016
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | ||||||||
| Mobile Phones | ||||||||
| iPhone Apple Inc | 17.3 | 19.1 | 24.0 | 28.6 | 30.4 | 31.0 | ||
| Samsung Samsung Corp | 19.6 | 28.2 | 31.3 | 30.9 | 30.2 | 28.7 | ||
| Lumia Microsoft Corp | - | - | - | - | 11.1 | 10.7 | ||
| LG LG Corp | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.8 | ||
| HTC HTC Corp | 6.6 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | ||
Note. Retrieved from www.portal.euromonitor.com. Copyright 2016 by Euromonitor International. Reprinted with permission.
In-text citation
As shown in Table 1, Apple's iPhone is the number one mobile in the UK ...
Reference list
Euromonitor International. (2016). Mobile Phones in UK: Brand Shares by Retail Volume 2011-2016 [Table]. Retrieved from www.portal.euromonitor.com.
