Referencing in APA 7th Style

No Page Numbers

For works without page numbers (e.g., webpages, audio-visual works, and some e-books and e-journals), you need to provide your reader with another way of locating information which has been directly quoted in your in-text citation (e.g., a section name, paragraph number, time stamp).

Examples

“There is little evidence, to date, to suggest that the student choice model, underpinned by higher tuition fees and larger student loans, and so enthusiastically promoted by politicians and policymakers, has fulfilled the promises advanced by them” (Callender & Dougherty, 2018, Conclusions section).

“We need to create a culture of care-taking. In which no one and nowhere is thrown away. In which the inherent value of all people and every ecosystem is foundational” (Klein, 2017, 12:35).

No Author

When the author of a work is not known, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation, and move the title to the author position in the reference list entry.

Examples

If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference list entry, place the title in quotation marks in the in-text citation.

(“New apple varieties,” 1997)

If the title of the work is italicised in the reference list entry (for example, if it’s a book), italicise the title in the in-text citation.

(Park Avenue Summer, 2019)

No Date

For works without dates, write “n.d.” (meaning “no date”) in parenthesis, with a full stop after the “n” and the “d” and no space between the letters.

Format

(Author, n.d., p. xx)

Author, I. (n.d.). Title...

There may be cases when you wish to cite a work that you haven’t read directly, but that is mentioned or quoted in a work you have read. This is called secondary referencing. It is recommended that you find and read the original source yourself, but there may be instances when the original work you wish to cite is unavailable.  

For example, you learn about the findings of a study by an author called Walter in an article you read written by Habibzadeh, Jasemi and Hosseinzadegan. You wish to cite Walter's work in your writing, so your in-text citation must acknowledge that it is a secondary reference, i.e. a work you read about in another work. You need to cite Walter as cited in the source you read. 

Example

In-text citation 

Walter (2010, as cited in Habibzadeh et al., 2021) identifies ...  

(Walter, 2010, as cited in Habibzadeh et al., 2021)   

Reference list entry (only include the source you have actually read)

Habibzadeh, H., Jasemi, M., & Hosseinzadegan, F. (2021). Social justice in health system; a neglected component of academic nursing education: A qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00534-1

Translated Sources

If you have read a source that was originally published in another language but has been republished in English, reference it as normal following the usual guide for the type of source. Then add the name of the translator in brackets in the format (N. Surname, Trans.) after the title and before the full stop. Also add the original publication date in brackets at the very end of the reference.

Example

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child (H.Weaver, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

Works without an English Translation

You should check with your tutor before you reference something that is not translated into English. If you want to reference something written in another language, you must speak the language yourself: you should not rely on automatic translators like Google Translate.